Hire Mechanical Design Designers in Turkey

I'm Ediz Gündoğdu, a freelance mechanical design specialist offering CAD modeling, technical drawing, FEA analysis, and manufacturing-oriented engineering services to international clients. My backgro... Read more

I'm Ediz Gündoğdu, a freelance mechanical design specialist offering CAD modeling, technical drawing, FEA analysis, and manufacturing-oriented engineering services to international clients. My background includes project engineering and management in sectors such as automotive, textile, and transport systems. With over 3.5 years of hands-on manufacturing experience, I deliver both technically sound and practically viable solutions. I’ve contributed to a wide range of specialized projects, including: Cathodic coating (kataforez) feed lines Weighing conveyor systems Screw conveyors Elevator mechanisms Custom platforms and special machine fabrication Revising client designs to make them manufacturable and production-efficient In my design workflow, I use professional CAD tools such as SolidWorks, AutoCAD, and Fusion 360 to deliver original, production-ready solutions tailored to each client. Currently, I’m working toward establishing my own engineering brand under the name G.N.D.D. MECHANIC. This brand will reflect my commitment to delivering client-focused, bilingual, and globally scalable engineering solutions. I’m actively exploring domain registration, brand identity, and trademark processes while shaping my portfolio to align with this vision.

Professional Mechanical Design Engineer +5 years of experience, with full of problem solving, cost reducing and efficiency improving in complex automotive projects. -PTC Creo 4+ versions CAD and stru... Read more

Professional Mechanical Design Engineer +5 years of experience, with full of problem solving, cost reducing and efficiency improving in complex automotive projects. -PTC Creo 4+ versions CAD and structural FEA -Solidworks solid, sheet metal and weldment tools -Ansys fluent and CFX tools. Experienced in designing for various production methods such as Molding, casting, forging, machining-turning, composite molding, fabrication.

I am a manufacturing-grounded Mechanical Design Specialist with extensive hands-on workshop experience. Using SolidWorks and AutoCAD, I design industrial machinery, custom automation mechanisms, conve... Read more

I am a manufacturing-grounded Mechanical Design Specialist with extensive hands-on workshop experience. Using SolidWorks and AutoCAD, I design industrial machinery, custom automation mechanisms, conveyor systems, and high-precision machine spare parts (including sealing jaws, cutters, shafts, and molds). My design philosophy is strictly focused on "Design for Manufacturability" (DFM). I deliver production-ready 3D models and flawless 2D technical drawings optimized for CNC machining, wire EDM, or universal machine tools, complete with proper tolerances and fits. I also offer reverse engineering and part modification solutions for existing systems.

Introduction: I am an industrial design engineer with certified expertise in Autodesk Fusion 360 and SolidWorks. Services: -Expertise in product design and development processes. -Advanced knowled... Read more

Introduction: I am an industrial design engineer with certified expertise in Autodesk Fusion 360 and SolidWorks. Services: -Expertise in product design and development processes. -Advanced knowledge in 3D modeling and parametric design. -Preparation of technical drawings and manufacturing documentation. -Consulting on material selection and manufacturing methods. -Providing innovative and customized design solutions. Deliverables: -3D CAD files (such as STEP, IGES, STL) -2D technical drawings and assembly documents -Bill of Materials (BOM) -Production-ready documentation and visualization materials

Mechanical Design & FEA Engineer | SolidWorks(3d,simulation), Creo, CATIA, ANSYS | Special-Purpose Machinery

Mechanical Design & FEA Engineer | SolidWorks(3d,simulation), Creo, CATIA, ANSYS | Special-Purpose Machinery

I am mechanical design engineer with more than 11 years of professional experience in mechanical design (2D and 3D), FEA and CFD Analysis and QC. It will be my honor to help you and provide services i... Read more

I am mechanical design engineer with more than 11 years of professional experience in mechanical design (2D and 3D), FEA and CFD Analysis and QC. It will be my honor to help you and provide services in following area: - Mechanical System Concept - Feasibility Analysis - Mechanical Part Design - Mechanical Systems Design - Fluidic System Design - Robustness and Manufacturability I use Solidworks for CAD development and Ansys (Structural, Fluent and CFX) for Analysis The standards I have already worked with are API 616, API 617, ISO, ASME, DIN, GOST and VITA48

Hello, I am a Professional Mechanical Design Engineer specializing in industrial product development, manufacturing solutions, and mechanism simulations. I bridge the gap between complex engineering c... Read more

Hello, I am a Professional Mechanical Design Engineer specializing in industrial product development, manufacturing solutions, and mechanism simulations. I bridge the gap between complex engineering concepts and flawless shop-floor production.My Areas of Expertise: Sheet Metal Die Design, Fixture & Gauge Design, Custom Machine & Apparatus Design, Mechanical Motion Analysis (CAE).I deliver high-quality 3D CAD models, production-ready 2D technical drawings (DXF/DWG), and accurate BOM lists. Let's optimize your manufacturing process and bring your ideas to life!

WHO I AM? I was born in Istanbul/Beyoglu on 12.03.1988. My education life has been in Istanbul and is continuing. I started my undergraduate education in Marmara Uni. in 2005. The same year my work l... Read more

WHO I AM? I was born in Istanbul/Beyoglu on 12.03.1988. My education life has been in Istanbul and is continuing. I started my undergraduate education in Marmara Uni. in 2005. The same year my work life started part time in ARC Design a firm that does product design. The past 9 years i have been working as a designer in different countries and firms. Some of these are Defne Engineering (Istanbul), Turklift (Ankara), Mega Teknik (Ankara), HS Engineering (Mongolia- Russia). Meanwhile I have been working on freelance design too. Till this day I have done the product design and the conceptual design of over 500 products that have been manufactured. Some of these are considerably valuable while the others are small products. In the last years i have been working as a freelance designer in the field of automotive accessory design.

I work in mechanical design, finite element analysis, and engineering computation, using SolidWorks, ANSYS, MATLAB, and Python. My project experience includes structural FEA, composite materials, mec... Read more

I work in mechanical design, finite element analysis, and engineering computation, using SolidWorks, ANSYS, MATLAB, and Python. My project experience includes structural FEA, composite materials, mechanical design, numerical methods, additive manufacturing, and engineering data analysis. I have also developed custom MATLAB FEM tools and compared numerical results with commercial simulation software. I focus on clear communication, careful engineering work, and well-documented results. Whether you need CAD modeling, FEA support, engineering calculations, or technical documentation, I aim to deliver practical and clearly explained results.

I am a mechanical engineer. I have experience in many areas such as : robotics, automatic guided vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, remote control units,medical devices, different manufacturing techn... Read more

I am a mechanical engineer. I have experience in many areas such as : robotics, automatic guided vehicles, unmanned ground vehicles, remote control units,medical devices, different manufacturing techniques, composites materials, electronic hub motors casign designs, clean energy, mold design, 3d printer. I have done many projects in that areas since I started to university and after my graduation. I worked some robotics and mechatronics companies while at universty as a part time after graduation full time. I have designed and produced prototype and final products. I am ready to work from your sketches, descriptions, drawings or images on anything from idea to concept to details. Speciality ; * Mechanical Design * 3D modeling * Manufacturing drawings * Machine design * Sheet metal design * Surface design * Mold design * Product Design * Mechanisms Softwares : * Solidworks (2D/3D) * Catia * Ansys * 3ds-max * Keycreator * Keyshot

I'm Hüseyin EROĞLU from Turkey, I'm a Mechanical Engineer and Automotive Designer, CAD Trainer Expert (Catia V5, Solidworks, Siemens NX). I'm a Exterior Car Designer in Bertrandt AG for new automoti... Read more

I'm Hüseyin EROĞLU from Turkey, I'm a Mechanical Engineer and Automotive Designer, CAD Trainer Expert (Catia V5, Solidworks, Siemens NX). I'm a Exterior Car Designer in Bertrandt AG for new automotive projects. (Especially Plastics) I use Catia V5, Solidworks and Siemens NX for mechanical or Automotive projects, and Catia V5 for Analysis of designed systems, I use Keyshot for rendering the designed models. I'm a freelance designer for Mechanical and Automotive projects,

I am a CAD designer focusing on mechanical design, technical drawings, product design, and detailed 2D/3D CAD work. I can create clear and accurate CAD drawings based on sketches, reference images, d... Read more

I am a CAD designer focusing on mechanical design, technical drawings, product design, and detailed 2D/3D CAD work. I can create clear and accurate CAD drawings based on sketches, reference images, dimensions, existing models, and design specifications. I am particularly interested in mechanical components, product development, technical documentation, and production-oriented design. I pay close attention to dimensions, tolerances, component placement, material requirements, and overall design details. My goal is to create production-ready, clean, accurate, and easy-to-understand CAD models and technical drawings. Through hands-on projects and engineering-focused design work, I continuously improve my CAD and mechanical design skills. I aim to deliver well-organized and professional results.

I have 10 years of professional experience as a plant design engineer in chemical process industry. During my carrier I have involved more than 10 chemical facility construction projects as a project... Read more

I have 10 years of professional experience as a plant design engineer in chemical process industry. During my carrier I have involved more than 10 chemical facility construction projects as a project engineer. These projects enabled me to gain experience in these areas: -Mechanical Design of Industrial Plants (Chemical, oil & gas, power, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics) -Preparing PFD P&ID Drawings -3D Pipeline Design (ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3) -Pipe Stress Analysis (ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3, Metal, FRP and GRP piping) -Static Equipment/Process Equipment Design (chemical reactors, mixing tanks, heat exchangers, etc.) -Pressure Vessel Design (ASME Section VIII, EN 13445, AD 2000 - AD Merkblätter, PD 5500, CODAP) -Storage Tank Design (Oil & Gas, solvent, acid, underground and aboveground) (API 620, API 650, API 653, EN 12285-1, EN 12285-2) I want to combine my experience and my ability in design to provide the highest quality service for my clients.

I’m a mechanical designer from Turkey specializing in sheet metal parts, SolidWorks 3D modeling, and fabrication-ready DXF files for laser cutting and CNC machining. I design enclosures, brackets, co... Read more

I’m a mechanical designer from Turkey specializing in sheet metal parts, SolidWorks 3D modeling, and fabrication-ready DXF files for laser cutting and CNC machining. I design enclosures, brackets, control panels, and precision metal parts with manufacturing in mind. With experience in sheet metal bending and laser cutting standards, I create designs that are both efficient and production-ready. ✅ Services I Offer: 3D CAD modeling in SolidWorks Sheet metal design (1.5mm - 2mm steel or aluminum) DXF preparation for CNC laser cutting Technical & fabrication drawings (2D & 3D) Assembly-ready models with proper tolerancing I work with accuracy, simplicity, and real-world manufacturing principles. Let’s build your idea together!

With over a decade of experience, I specialize in turning ideas into production-ready engineering solutions — from initial sketches to fully manufacturable 3D models. My core expertise includes produ... Read more

With over a decade of experience, I specialize in turning ideas into production-ready engineering solutions — from initial sketches to fully manufacturable 3D models. My core expertise includes product design, solid and surface modeling, reverse engineering from 3D scan data, and developing engineering designs based on 2D sketches and conceptual inputs. I guide the entire product development process — from early ideation to detailed mechanical design — always tailored to the client’s vision and the specific manufacturing method. I’ve delivered high-quality results across automotive, aerospace, and consumer product industries. Whether it’s creating striking concept designs, performing kinematic simulations, or engineering functional parts with manufacturing precision, I bring both creativity and technical rigor to every project. Let’s collaborate to bring your product vision to life — with design that’s smart, efficient, and ready for the real world.

I'm a mechanical engineering student at Istanbul Technical University and I work as a freelance CAD designer. Most of what I do is mechanical parts, product concepts and manufacturing-ready 3D models.... Read more

I'm a mechanical engineering student at Istanbul Technical University and I work as a freelance CAD designer. Most of what I do is mechanical parts, product concepts and manufacturing-ready 3D models. What I work on most often: • 3D modelling and assemblies in SolidWorks and Fusion 360 • 2D manufacturing and shop drawings — dimensions, tolerances, BOMs, cut lists (AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Fusion 360) • Sketch, photo or PDF to CAD, and reverse engineering from 3D scans • Structural FEA in ANSYS Workbench: static structural, modal analysis, topology optimization • Design for 3D printing and print-ready STEP/STL files I spent five months as a design engineering intern at TU Wien, in the additive manufacturing group of the Institute for Production Engineering and Photonic Technologies, working on CAD redesign, generative design and FDM prototyping. I also designed and printed the mechanical structure of a 5-DOF robotic arm, so I have had my own parts fail a fit test and had to fix them. Before I start modelling I ask how the part will be made, because machining, printing and sheet metal each pull the geometry in a different direction. You get the files in the formats you asked for, drawings someone can actually build from, and a clear note if I think something in the design will cause trouble later. I work in English, German and Turkish.

Mechanical Design Engineer | SOLIDWORKS Expert | 3D CAD & Manufacturing Drawings Experienced in 3D modeling, product design, and technical drawings for manufacturing. Specializing in SOLIDWORKS, 3D p... Read more

Mechanical Design Engineer | SOLIDWORKS Expert | 3D CAD & Manufacturing Drawings Experienced in 3D modeling, product design, and technical drawings for manufacturing. Specializing in SOLIDWORKS, 3D printing, sheet metal, and CNC-ready designs. I deliver precise, functional, and innovative solutions – on time, every time. I am an Experienced Mechanical Design Engineer specializing in SOLIDWORKS, CAD modeling, and manufacturing-ready technical drawings. With a strong focus on precision, innovation, and functionality, I transform concepts into production-ready designs for a wide range of industries. Whether you need a complex mechanical system or a simple product prototype, I deliver high-quality, detailed, and reliable designs tailored to your needs. 📌 Services I Offer: 3D CAD Modeling & Rendering (SOLIDWORKS, AutoCAD, ) Technical & Shop Drawings – Manufacturing & Assembly Documentation 3D Printing Solutions – Design, Consultancy, Repair, Maintenance Sheet Metal Design – Fabrication-Ready Models Laser CNC & AutoCAD DXF File Preparation Gear Design & Transmission Systems Automotive Components & Custom Parts Shredding Machine Design – Concept to Fabrication Wheel & Axle Systems – Industrial & Custom Designs Steel & Wood Furniture Engineering – Modern & Functional Simulation & Analysis – Structural, Motion, Thermal Assembly & Installation Drawings 💡 Why Choose Me? ✅ 8+ Years of Experience in Mechanical Design ✅ SOLIDWORKS Certified & Skilled in CAD/CAM ✅ Fast, Accurate, and Manufacturable Designs ✅ Client-Focused Communication & On-Time Delivery Let’s work together to bring your ideas to life with engineering excellence and innovative design solutions. Message me today to start your project!

I’m a Mechanical Design Engineer specializing in 3D CAD modeling, product development, and manufacturing-ready mechanical design. I help clients turn ideas, sketches, and existing concepts into accura... Read more

I’m a Mechanical Design Engineer specializing in 3D CAD modeling, product development, and manufacturing-ready mechanical design. I help clients turn ideas, sketches, and existing concepts into accurate, practical, and production-ready designs. My expertise includes: • SolidWorks, Siemens NX, Autodesk Inventor & AutoCAD • 3D CAD modeling and complex assemblies • Product and mechanical component design • Sheet metal design and fabrication drawings • Welded structures and frame design • DFM/DFA – Design for Manufacturing & Assembly • GD&T and detailed 2D technical drawings • FEA and structural analysis • BOMs, DXF files, cut lists and manufacturing documentation • CNC machining, laser cutting and press brake design • Parametric modeling, configurations and design optimization • Prototype development and manufacturing support I focus not only on creating accurate 3D models, but also on ensuring that every design can be manufactured efficiently, assembled correctly, and documented clearly. Whether you need a new product developed from an idea, an existing design improved, or complete manufacturing drawings prepared, I can support the project from concept through production. You can expect clear communication, attention to detail, and practical engineering solutions designed with manufacturing in mind.

I am a CSWP-certified mechanical designer with hands-on CNC manufacturing experience. I turn sketches, concepts, reference images, and existing CAD files into accurate, production-ready mechanical des... Read more

I am a CSWP-certified mechanical designer with hands-on CNC manufacturing experience. I turn sketches, concepts, reference images, and existing CAD files into accurate, production-ready mechanical designs. I do not focus only on creating models that look correct. I consider real manufacturing conditions from the beginning, including tool access, machining setups, tolerances, fits, wall thickness, fastening methods, assembly requirements, material selection, and production cost. My services include: • Parametric SolidWorks part and assembly design • CNC machining DFM and design optimization • Manufacturing drawings, GD&T, tolerances, and BOMs • Fixtures, machine components, enclosures, and sheet-metal parts • Functional parts designed for 3D printing and prototyping • Reverse engineering, CAD cleanup, and design modifications • Interference, clearance, and assembly checks I regularly deliver organized SLDPRT, SLDASM, SLDDRW, STEP, STL, DXF, and PDF files. My goal is to provide clear, practical, and manufacturable designs that can move smoothly from CAD to production. Send me your sketch, dimensions, reference image, or existing CAD model, and I will help turn it into a reliable production-ready design.

Mechanical Design Engineer | Industrial Machinery & Sheet Metal Expert (7+ Years) SolidWorks Certified Professional. Familiar with ASME and ISO standards for manufacturing-ready drawings I am a Mecha... Read more

Mechanical Design Engineer | Industrial Machinery & Sheet Metal Expert (7+ Years) SolidWorks Certified Professional. Familiar with ASME and ISO standards for manufacturing-ready drawings I am a Mechanical Engineer with over 7 years of hands on experience in designing industrial machinery and manufacturing-ready products. My expertise ranges from heavyduty textile and food processing equipment to precise sheet metal fabrications like elevator cabins. I specialize in taking projects from concept to manufacturing, ensuring high precision, cost-efficiency, and ease of assembly using SolidWorks. My Core Expertise: Industrial Machinery Design: Textile: R&D and design for Stenter machines (Ram), Continuous Tumbler Dryers, and fabric finishing lines. Deep knowledge of pneumatic systems and chain drive mechanisms. Food Processing: Designing Coffee Roasters, continuous roasting ovens, and automated dosing systems. Proficient in thermal calculations and food-grade material selection. Sheet Metal & Product Design: Creating manufacturing-ready drawings (DXF/BOM) for laser cutting and bending. Specialized in Elevator Cabins, modular enclosures, and decorative metal products (fire pits, wall art). Engineering Analysis (FEA): Performing Static, Thermal, and Airflow simulations to validate designs before production, reducing prototyping costs. Tools: SolidWorks, AutoCAD, KeyShot (Rendering). Whether you need a complex machine assembly, a detailed fabrication drawing, or a structural analysis, I deliver engineering solutions that work in the real world, not just on the screen.

Structural and mechanical design engineer (MSc) with 25 years of experience, running my own engineering office in Istanbul since 2018. WHAT I DO - Product development: concept development, prototypin... Read more

Structural and mechanical design engineer (MSc) with 25 years of experience, running my own engineering office in Istanbul since 2018. WHAT I DO - Product development: concept development, prototyping, reverse engineering and design for manufacturing - Mechanical, machine and robot design: for example CHRAK, a smart tool-cart robot that follows its operator, with motorised drawers and voice control (built units exhibited at a trade fair) - 3D CAD models, assemblies, manufacturing drawings, renders and assembly animations (Fusion 360, Rhino, AutoCAD) - Structural analysis and FEA directly from your STEP/CAD model (Altair SimSolid, Ansys, SAP2000, RFEM): steel silos and hoppers, industrial steel structures, equipment platforms, frames and chassis - Medical device, automotive and consumer product assemblies; packaging; kiosks and play equipment - Boats, tiny houses and caravans: design and structure checks - Custom engineering calculation tools in Python Background: project manager, site manager and resident engineer on large construction and World Bank / EIB-funded projects, investment-project manager for 23 industrial companies. Confidential design work for defence-industry companies under NDA. Clear communication, fast turnaround and manufacturing-ready deliverables.

Junior Mechanical Engineer & Mechanical CAD Designer with more than 3 years' experience using SolidWorks for 3D Modeling, mechanical design, assembly, and drawing work. My experience includes work on... Read more

Junior Mechanical Engineer & Mechanical CAD Designer with more than 3 years' experience using SolidWorks for 3D Modeling, mechanical design, assembly, and drawing work. My experience includes work on robotic systems and autonomous vehicles, involving mechanical design, steering mechanisms, and control systems. I have also done mechanical systems for winch trucks, structural and mechanical systems included. I also have experience in CFD, FEA/FEM, and 3D printing. I concentrate on designing practical and manufacturing ready solutions to actual engineering challenges.

Hi, I am working as a mechanical design engineer. Expariences are all about design and sample what people need.

Hi, I am working as a mechanical design engineer. Expariences are all about design and sample what people need.

Senior Mechanical Design Engineer with over 10 years of experience in the OEM and ODM home appliance industry, gained entirely at a globally recognized leading manufacturer. Experienced in guiding pro... Read more

Senior Mechanical Design Engineer with over 10 years of experience in the OEM and ODM home appliance industry, gained entirely at a globally recognized leading manufacturer. Experienced in guiding products through all phases from concept design to mass production with a focus on mechanical design, DFM/DFA, and industrialization (NPI). Contributed significantly to the development and launch of the Philips Airfryer XXL in 2017, one of the earliest and most influential products in its category. Took dual responsibility as mechanical designer and NPI engineer, and was instrumental in solving critical ramp-up challenges that stabilized production and strengthened the Philips-Ernamaş collaboration. Later, led the mechanical design of the company’s ODM airfryer, followed by multiple facelifted models for local brands. Also played a cross-functional role in the Philips Air Steam Fryer project, managing communication across design, manufacturing, and global stakeholders during key project phases. In addition to these large-scale projects, provided targeted mechanical design support for various appliances including coffee machines, hand blenders, and mixers, especially during validation, prototyping, and tooling phases. Recognized for problem ownership, cross-disciplinary coordination, and delivering functional, manufacturable solutions under pressure. In total, I’ve taken part in the design or release of over 25 products, from airfryers to small domestic appliances, across both OEM and ODM collaborations.

PhD, Expert in Mechanical Design and Engineering Simulations; Professional mechanical engineer with 12 years experience in mechanical design. I can create the mechanical designs to transform your ide... Read more

PhD, Expert in Mechanical Design and Engineering Simulations; Professional mechanical engineer with 12 years experience in mechanical design. I can create the mechanical designs to transform your ideas from concept to prototypes or fully working machines. I am interested in the design for manufacturing, contains concept components, plastic parts, sheet metal, molding design, 3d printing, welding, bonding and CNC. I can also prepare assembly models, presentation for animations. I have good experience at usage of the softwares of Autodesk Inventor, Autocad, Solidworks, Autodesk Fusion. I use the professional engineering analysis and simulation softwares to perform the Structural Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Multi Body System Analysis (MBS), Rigid Body Dynamic Analysis, Discrete Element Analysis (DEM), Transient Structural Analysis and Explicit Dynamic Analysis. Key Skills: . Computer Aided Design . Engineering Analyses and Simulations . Engineerin Analysis using FEA methods on Ansys . Mutibody System Analysis . Discrete Element Analysis . 3D printing sofwares . Simulink Sim Mechanics . Autodesk Fusion 360 . Advanced techical report writing . Arduino IDE codes . Design of the Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Mechanical Design Engineer with expertise in 3D modeling (SolidWorks, Creo, Fusion 360, SIEMENS NX), and structural analysis (ANSYS). Skilled in Design for Manufacturing (DFM) and Geometric Dimensioni... Read more

Mechanical Design Engineer with expertise in 3D modeling (SolidWorks, Creo, Fusion 360, SIEMENS NX), and structural analysis (ANSYS). Skilled in Design for Manufacturing (DFM) and Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T). Adept at developing aeronautical and mechanical systems, optimizing designs for manufacturability, and conducting structural integrity analysis with a strong ability to collaborate in cross-functional teams to solve complex engineering challenges.

I am a Mechanical Design Engineer and Industrial Designer with nearly a decade of experience in bridging the gap between aesthetic product design and rigorous structural engineering. My expertise lies... Read more

I am a Mechanical Design Engineer and Industrial Designer with nearly a decade of experience in bridging the gap between aesthetic product design and rigorous structural engineering. My expertise lies in the full development cycle—from initial concept and 3D modeling to advanced Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and international certification (EN, ADR, TSE standards). I specialize in the design of pressure vessels, mobile tankers, and complex industrial equipment. My workflow ensures that every design is not only visually optimized but also structurally sound and compliant with global manufacturing standards. Whether it is a high-precision consumer product or heavy-duty industrial machinery, I focus on durability, safety, and production efficiency.